Source: www.nytimes.com --- Thursday, June 28, 2012
Changing its policy on Olympics coverage, NBC Sports will show every event at the London Games live on its Web site. ...
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Italy is known around the world for delicious food, fast sports cars and its beautiful people. The Italians live the Mediterranean lifestyle down to a tea and it truly is a fantastic place to visit at any time of year. One of the most fantastic things about the country is its unbelievable diversity, and how things change as you head from north to south.
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There are so many iconic places in Italy it is difficult to do it justice in words, as always it is better to see it for yourself. However, until then he is an attempt at a guide of the best places to visit in the boot of Europe:
1. Rome ? The capital city and the obvious choice for the number one spot. Known internationally as one of the most romantic cities in the world (although a lot of other Italian places compete valiantly for the prize) it is a city that is frequented by love birds from all over the world. However, there is plenty to do if you are travelling on your own. Make sure you take a look at the world famous Colosseum.2. The Vatican ? If you do end up taking the trip to Rome it is essential that you also make the short journey across to Vatican City. The Sistine chapel is truly one of the most breath taking pieces of architecture in the world, whether you are a religious person or not you will not be disappointed by what you see, either from the outside or if you venture inside to see what miracles Michelangelo created within.
3. The Leaning Tower of Pisa ? This world famous landmark is situated in the town of Pisa believe it or not, a very pretty town that you can easily spend half a day looking around. However, the tower is always going to be the star of the show. It is open to the public these days, so take the time to climb the 294 steps to the top so that you can take in the breath taking view from the top.4. Venice ? Another Italian landmark that is known the world over. There is too much to talk about when it comes to Venice; think canals, gondolas and beautiful glasswork and you will not be far off.
5. Capri Island ? An example of the diversity of Italy, visiting Capri after another Italian city is like stepping into another world. Spend your time here lapping up the sun on the postcard beaches, and remember to keep your eyes out for celebrities as they are all over this island when the sun is out, which is almost always.
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These are reasons enough to outsource small business accounting to ensure all advantages are accrued to the business, but there are many more.
For example, the 2007 Accounting Standards Act is prescribed by the Accounting Standards Council. The main goal of the Act is to ensure consistency in accounting standards and in application to business financial records.2 One of the many benefits a business accrues by outsourcing small business accounting is assurance that the business filings and financial reporting meets governmental requirements. Like most countries, the laws change frequently, though in Singapore they are almost always designed to improve transparency and promote business development.
Concentrating on Growth
Singapore is so tuned to business development that many companies soon discover they need to concentrate financial resources on trade and expansion. Outsourcing accounting services frees up human resources for other business activities, leaving the financial activities to professionals who concentrate on ensuring business records are accurate and reporting is useful for decision making. However, accounting services can go far beyond just recording and processing. Administrative accounting provides important assistance with evaluating those records to ensure cash flow is maximised, expenses are contained and taxes are minimised.
Focus on the Right Issues
Letting professionals manage the critical accounting functions gives business owners the peace of mind that comes with knowing the company is always in compliance with laws, regulations and standards impacting financial recording and reporting. The SME management can focus on issues like taking advantage of Singapore's generous trade agreements, tax incentives designed to promote growth and workforce development. Outsourcing small business accounting is like adding an efficient, cost effective and professional department that always supports business growth.
References
1 Singapore Government. (2011, March 22). New SME Definition and Launch of New Online Tools and E-Services. Retrieved from Spring Singpaore - Minstiry of Trade and Industry: http://www.spring.gov.sg/NewsEvents/PR/Pages/New-SME-Definition-and-Launch-of-New-Online-Tools-and-E-Services-20110322.aspx
2 Singapore Government. (2007). Process of Prescribing Accounting Standards. Retrieved from Accounting Standards Council: http://www.asc.gov.sg/account.htm
About BizCom
BizCom Is a Singapore-registered accounting and bookkeeping firm that provides strategic, trustworthy, and affordable services from business formation to corporate compliance assurance to small to medium-sized businesses.The BizCom team of industry professionals consists of Certified Accountants and Accredited Tax Professionals, alongside dedicated affiliates and business partners. With years of experience and a passion for delivering value-added business services, we consistently strive to attain high customer satisfaction in our services.
Visit us at http://www.BizCom.asia
?About author :Rebecca Binny - About the Author:
Co-Founder, International Marketing and Strategic Business Development
Rebecca is a result-oriented professional in the international spectrum of marketing and business development. She has spent the last 8 years supporting small businesses and startups in expansion and growth, and has recently been involved in fund raising for SMEs. Rebecca's firm belief in developing and implementing cost-effective solutions and strategies aid businesses in achieving their goals. Her strengths and capabilities include strategies that often incorporate a blend of marketing & sales, target messaging & branding, and evaluation & follow-up.
Hot Fry Media is an international marketing, research and writing agency founded and established in both USA and Singapore earlier this decade by two young and adventurous entrepreneurs. Inspired by the demand of quality freelance work in the advertising and marketing industry, Hot Fry Media aims at providing what many small and budding business owners need- affordable and uncompromised quality services.
Hot Fry Media is committed to assisting business owners and entrepreneurs grow and sustain themselves in the international marketplace. We offer full business packages that will jump start your business and position you at the forefront of the competition.
?Visit Author Website :http://www.bizcom.asia/
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By on June 22, 2012 | Marketing via email lists ranks right up there as one of the most favorite methods of income generation. Anyone on your marketing list wants to be there, so it?s targeted traffic which is the very best kind to have. It?s all about relationships and conversions, and we?re going to share some solid pointers you can take away immediately and use.
The basis of any successful email marketing campaign is building a strong level of rapport with your subscribers. The best way to accomplish this is by having an open line of communication with them. Email marketers sometimes forget to have a regular interaction with them after making their list. But if you want your list to be responsive to your offers, then this is an integral step. So how can you make this happen for you? By way of an autoresponder can all this be accomplish. Basically this tool will hot wire your email marketing. This application is used to automatically send out your emails without you having to lift a finger. Many internet marketers have used autoresponders to increase sales and improve response rates from their readers. Autoresponders can allow you to leverage the power in your list to generate more sales. You can create a series of emails that you can use to follow up with your potential customers and expose them to your offer repeatedly until you see them taking action. You could also write a series of lessons to form an online course that can be delivered automatically through your autoresponder at set times.
You can also use the technique of offering your subscribers a bribe. Everyone likes to receive gifts or something for nothing. By offering people a bribe in exchange for their email address, you can build up your list. You can actually benefit from this in two different ways.
People can be enticed to join your list for this freebie, and your present subscribers can be given a reason to recruit more traffic on your behalf. This is how you grow your list and also make the most out of it. Techniques like this can get you more responses from your emails. Besides that, your free bribe can actually serve as a viral marketing tool, because people who spread it around will bring in more traffic, without you having to pay a penny. As you are going along and working your business, you will learn new ways to promote your offers; so what you need to do is hypothetically apply them to what you do and see if it is viable. We have received a lot of feedback from users of article marketing, and if it great and gives excellent results when applied in the right way. But you never know, we are sure some just do not have the ambition to grow or add new income streams to what they already have. As it concerns us, we keep our radar up and running at all times because we do not want to miss any chance to capitalize on an opportunity. Any business on or off the internet can benefit tremendously by expanding their marketing and advertising.
You have heard about all the shrewd business people who have taken every opportunity that comes across their desk if it would work with what they do in business.
Focus on your stats and on what they say. Email marketing services mostly give details on your stats and where it will take you. You must be sure to monitor all activity from your clicks and opens to unsubscribes. You can try placing your links at other areas and using different formats to see how subscribers differ in response. Compare the outcome and see how it is possible for improvement. The success of your campaign will be decided by various factors and would be your decision on how to act to achieve more profits.
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Online dispute resolution (ODR) will be introduced into the Small Claims Court system in BC. Just this past week, Bill 44, the Civil
Monica Goyal, founder, My Legal Briefcase
Resolution Tribunal Act, passed its third reading and received Royal Assent. What this means is that if you have to go to Small Claims Court (any action under $25,000), you will be able to choose ODR instead of a traditional court resolution and have your case judged by someone online.
Small Claims Court can often be informal, and permits individuals to represent themselves. Participants are typically self-represented; however, they are permitted to acquire the services of a lawyer. The new Tribunals in BC will operate in a similar fashion with one main exception?litigants cannot obtain legal representation.
Just last summer I wrote about ODR, which at that time felt too futuristic and forward thinking to be a possibility in this decade. But, the BC Government, always one step ahead of the others, has introduced a new technology that has the potential to really improve the accessibility of justice and reduce the cost of delivering it. It?s interesting to see how drastically things can change in a year.
So what is ODR?
Wikipedia?defines it as ?technology to facilitate the resolution of disputes between parties.? Bill 44 defines ODR services as ?dispute resolution services that are provided by way of electronic communication tools and are intended to assist parties in resolving a dispute by agreement ??.?Electronic communication is achieved through electronic communication tools, which are defined in the Bill as computer programs or other electronic means, used by way of the Internet.
It seems like a definition broad enough to allow for changes in technology, but also specific enough to say it will involve Internet-enabled technologies. What is not clear is what choices, if any, users will have in their choice of tools online. For example, can they use Skype? Will it be just teleconferencing or will it include video? Will they use a Google hangout type of tool?
Bill 44 has received a considerable amount of criticism?since its first reading, focused primarily on Section 20, which forbids legal representation. Some feel that forcing parties to represent themselves might place some individuals at a disadvantage. This concern seems to be moot because it is an ?opt in? system, and one can always decide to proceed through the regular Small Claims Court route. In addition, Section 9, which excludes the BC Government from proceedings, also does not sit well with critics. This may suggest that the government is not standing behind their proposed solution to judicial inefficiency.
It remains to be seen what impact Bill 44 will have on the Small Claims Court system in BC, and what precedence it will set for the rest of Canada.
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it all began this year with a group of friends all become bonded with a artifact of a god and then they were one but they never knew that it would come to battling the titans again and now they need help more than ever.
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Job ID: 73164
Job Views: 32
Location: Not Specified,
Job Category: Field Sales
Employment Type: Full time
Salary:
Posted: Thu Jun 14
Keywords (tags):
New Business Sales/Telephone Account Manager - Telecommunications
A leading telecommunications company seek an experienced New Business Sales/Telephone Account Manager - Telecommunications who is part of the Enterprise Account Development team that is responsible for retaining and growing existing customer business for the company.
The responsibilities of the New Business Sales/Telephone Account Manager - Telecommunications are:
To pick up the customer accounts and look to develop opportunities.
To be responsible for the customer experience and to generate significant activity and awareness to retain their business and to up-sell and cross-sell.
A high degree of cold-calling as well as developing existing business.
Building rapport and nurturing relationship.
To research prospect clients before making engagement.
Record all relevant information from day-to-day dealings with prospects and record in the CRM.
Set appointments and communicate the opportunity details to the assigned Business Development Manager.
Work with the Marketing Department to devise and implement an effective interface for lead generation activities and event co-ordination.
As the New Business Sales/Telephone Account Manager - Telecommunications you will to have:
At least 2 years' telesales B2B related experience within an IT or Telecoms related business.
New Business Sales/Telephone Account Manager - Telecommunications
?30k-?35k + commission
London
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The Russian parliament is rushing through a bill that will impose large fines for a?wide range of protests. Activists say the hikes amount to financial intimidation to chill the protest movement.
A policeman detains an activist of the National Bolshevik Party for taking part in a rally protesting a bill, initiated by the Russian State Duma, to authorize bigger fines for violations during rallies in central Moscow, June 5.
Sergei Karpukhin/Reuters
EnlargeAs the Russian Duma rushes through a bill that will drastically raise fines for taking part in an unsanctioned political meeting, more than two dozen people were arrested outside the parliament today for protesting the hike, which activists say will raise the fines to cost-prohibitive levels, chilling most forms of public activism.?
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Among those hauled away by police was the leader of the liberal Yabloko party, Sergei Mitrokhin, who says that he and other activists were only standing on the street and handing out leaflets advertising a legally-permitted political protest due to take place later in the morning. Reached on his cellphone, Mr. Mitrokhin said authorities were trying to prevent activists from carrying out even the most basic activities that are considered normal in any democratic society.
?"This is how things are going. Soon we will not be able to hold mass meetings or even any sort of street gathering," he says. "The law under preparation is the law of a dictatorship; the crackdown is already underway, not only in Moscow but around the regions of Russia as well."
The bill that's being hurried through its final two readings by the pro-Kremlin majority will impose fines on individuals of 20,000 roubles ($660), or up to 50 hours of community labor, and registered organizations up to 300,000 roubles ($10,000) if any "disorder" takes place, even during the course of a legally-permitted rally.?Fines for unsanctioned meetings, even flash mob-type protests, will go up to 200,000 roubles ($6,600).?If any injuries take place in the course of public disorders, fines will grow immensely ? reaching up to 1 million roubles ($33,000) for organizers.
The potentially steep fines have activists voicing the need to band together.?"We need to stress our continuing commitment to peaceful methods," writes Ilya Yashin, a leading protest organizer, in the opposition weekly Novaya Gazeta. "And (in the face of the new laws) we'll have to realize the slogan 'one for all and all for one' in practice. In light of the rise in penalties, we must agree among ourselves that if one of us has to pay a huge fine, we'll all join our efforts to collect the money."
Supporters of the draft law say it corresponds with international norms and fills a legislative hole in Russia, where participants in opposition rallies have traditionally displayed astonishingly peaceful and orderly behavior, at least compared to European protests, where Molotov cocktails, shop-window trashing, car burning and pitched battles with police are often the order of the day.
But everyone was shocked when a downtown Moscow rally on the eve of Vladimir Putin's inauguration last month turned violent after a few protesters allegedly provoked police, who charged the crowd with tear gas and batons, and arrested over 600.
"I wouldn't agree that this law has a repressive character, but rather that it's similar to laws in Europe and the US, which impose tough penalties on those who create disruptions during mass meetings," says Dmitry Orlov, director of the Agency of Political and Economic Communications, a Moscow think tank.
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Modern personal finance software can make it easier for you to keep track of your budget, expenses and investments. Some of these software programs are designed to help you with your budget, others can do more complicated things like guide your investment strategies. What we?ll be exploring in this article are ways to identify the most appropriate financial software for your situation.
Despite your specific financial objectives, you perceptibly yearn for personal finance software that will make your life simpler. On the other hand, if you use it in the approved manner, it can do more than just automate duties that you?d otherwise have to figure out on your own. It can also aid you in bettering your financial circumstances by letting you see precisely what?s happening. You can have momentary access to all the significant numbers, like your expenses, income, bills, bank accounts and investments. Therefore if you acquire personal finance program, be certain that you are making full use of it so that you can benefit from the benefits it has to offer. Microsoft Money Plus is one of the more familiar personal finance programs, although they have terminated the production of it. It?s imperative to have this knowledge, because it?s still possible to buy the software from some online vendors, but in spite of that Microsoft will stop offering support for it in early 2011. To replace this, Microsoft is now offering a free program you can download, Money Plus Sunset Deluxe. This new program will be able to work on any Windows application and doesn?t demand any activation, although it does not come with any kind of Internet services or support. So if you?re on the search for free personal finance software with some effective elements, you should sample Microsoft Plus Sunset Deluxe, although if you desire a program with full support you should check into one that you have to spend money on, like Quicken or YNAB.
A good choice if you are looking for a robust budgeting and money marketing software is Quicken Starter Edition 2011. This new edition is made for people who wish to gain control over their personal finances and Quicken is one of the best known names in financial software. Easily organize your household budget with this software by tracking your bank accounts and credit cards. Never have a late fee again, with the convenient bill reminder. You can also export your data to turbo tax to make doing your taxes even easier. With its guided setup feature Quicken Starter Edition 2011 is designed to be simple to use. If you want a more advanced version, there?s also Quicken Deluxe 2011.
you will find that some of the software available will in the end suit your needs. To be sure you choose the right one, take some time to determine exactly what you need it to do. This information should point you in the right direction to discover the right personal financial software for you. It is key though to get your program up and running so that you can quickly begin to enjoy the ease of keeping track of your finances.
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Public release date: 28-May-2012
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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
A new study combining the latest archaeological evidence with state-of-the-art geoscience technologies provides evidence that climate change was a key ingredient in the collapse of the great Indus or Harappan Civilization almost 4000 years ago. The study also resolves a long-standing debate over the source and fate of the Sarasvati, the sacred river of Hindu mythology.
Once extending more than 1 million square kilometers across the plains of the Indus River from the Arabian Sea to the Ganges, over what is now Pakistan, northwest India and eastern Afghanistan, the Indus civilization was the largestbut least knownof the first great urban cultures that also included Egypt and Mesopotamia. Like their contemporaries, the Harappans, named for one of their largest cities, lived next to rivers owing their livelihoods to the fertility of annually watered lands.
"We reconstructed the dynamic landscape of the plain where the Indus civilization developed 5200 years ago, built its cities, and slowly disintegrated between 3900 and 3000 years ago," said Liviu Giosan, a geologist with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and lead author of the study published the week of May 28 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "Until now, speculations abounded about the links between this mysterious ancient culture and its life-giving mighty rivers."
Today, numerous remains of the Harappan settlements are located in a vast desert region far from any flowing river. In contrast to Egypt and Mesopotamia, which have long been part of the Western classical canon, this amazingly complex culture in South Asia with a population that at its peak may have reached 10 percent of the world's inhabitants, was completely forgotten until 1920's. Since then, a flurry of archaeological research in Pakistan and India has uncovered a sophisticated urban culture with myriad internal trade routes and well-established sea links with Mesopotamia, standards for building construction, sanitation systems, arts and crafts, and a yet-to-be deciphered writing system.
"We considered that it is high time for a team of interdisciplinary scientists to contribute to the debate about the enigmatic fate of these people," added Giosan.
The research was conducted between 2003 and 2008 in Pakistan, from the coast of the Arabian Sea into the fertile irrigated valleys of Punjab and the northern Thar Desert. The international team included scientists from the U.S., U.K., Pakistan, India, and Romania with specialties in geology, geomorphology, archaeology, and mathematics. By combining satellite photos and topographic data collected by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), the researchers prepared and analyzed digital maps of landforms constructed by the Indus and neighboring rivers, which were then probed in the field by drilling, coring, and even manually-dug trenches. Collected samples were used to determine the sediments' origins, whether brought in and shaped by rivers or wind, and their age, in order to develop a chronology of landscape changes.
"Once we had this new information on the geological history, we could re-examine what we know about settlements, what crops people were planting and when, and how both agriculture and settlement patterns changed," said co-author Dorian Fuller, an archaeologist with University College London. "This brought new insights into the process of eastward population shift, the change towards many more small farming communities, and the decline of cities during late Harappan times."
The new study suggests that the decline in monsoon rains led to weakened river dynamics, and played a critical role both in the development and the collapse of the Harappan culture, which relied on river floods to fuel their agricultural surpluses.
From the new research, a compelling picture of 10,000 years of changing landscapes emerges. Before the plain was massively settled, the wild and forceful Indus and its tributaries flowing from the Himalaya cut valleys into their own deposits and left high "interfluvial" stretches of land between them. In the east, reliable monsoon rains sustained perennial rivers that crisscrossed the desert leaving behind their sedimentary deposits across a broad region.
Among the most striking features the researchers identified is a mounded plain, 10 to 20 meters high, over 100 kilometers wide, and running almost 1000 kilometers along the Indus, they call the "Indus mega-ridge," built by the river as it purged itself of sediment along its lower course.
"At this scale, nothing similar has ever been described in the geomorphological literature," said Giosan. "The mega-ridge is a surprising indicator of the stability of Indus plain landscape over the last four millennia. Remains of Harappan settlements still lie at the surface of the ridge, rather than being buried underground."
Mapped on top of the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain, the archaeological and geological data shows instead that settlements bloomed along the Indus from the coast to the hills fronting the Himalayas, as weakened monsoons and reduced run-off from the mountains tamed the wild Indus and its Himalayan tributaries enough to enable agriculture along their banks.
"The Harappans were an enterprising people taking advantage of a window of opportunity a kind of "Goldilocks civilization," said Giosan. "As monsoon drying subdued devastating floods, the land nearby the rivers - still fed with water and rich silt - was just right for agriculture. This lasted for almost 2,000 years, but continued aridification closed this favorable window in the end."
In another major finding, the researchers believe they have settled a long controversy about the fate of a mythical river, the Sarasvati. The Vedas, ancient Indian scriptures composed in Sanskrit over 3000 years ago, describe the region west of the Ganges as "the land of seven rivers." Easily recognizable are the Indus and its current tributaries, but the Sarasvati, portrayed as "surpassing in majesty and might all other waters" and "pure in her course from mountains to the ocean," was lost. Based on scriptural descriptions, it was believed that the Sarasvati was fed by perennial glaciers in the Himalayas. Today, the Ghaggar, an intermittent river that flows only during strong monsoons and dissipates into the desert along the dried course of Hakra valley, is thought to best approximate the location of the mythic Sarasvati, but its Himalayan origin and whether it was active during Vedic times remain controversial.
Archaeological evidence supports the Ghaggar-Hakra as the location of intensive settlement during Harappan times. The geological evidencesediments, topography shows that rivers were indeed sizable and highly active in this region, but most likely due to strong monsoons. There is no evidence of wide incised valleys like along the Indus and its tributaries and there is no cut-through, incised connections to either of the two nearby Himalayan-fed rivers of Sutlej and Yamuna. The new research argues that these crucial differences prove that the Sarasvati (Ghaggar-Hakra) was not Himalayan-fed, but a perennial monsoon-supported watercourse, and that aridification reduced it to short seasonal flows.
By 3900 years ago, their rivers drying, the Harappans had an escape route to the east toward the Ganges basin, where monsoon rains remained reliable.
"We can envision that this eastern shift involved a change to more localized forms of economy: smaller communities supported by local rain-fed farming and dwindling streams," said Fuller. "This may have produced smaller surpluses, and would not have supported large cities, but would have been reliable."
Such a system was not favorable for the Indus civilization, which had been built on bumper crop surpluses along the Indus and the Ghaggar-Hakra rivers in the earlier wetter era. This dispersal of population meant that there was no longer a concentration of workforce to support urbanism. "Thus cities collapsed, but smaller agricultural communities were sustainable and flourished. Many of the urban arts, such as writing, faded away, but agriculture continued and actually diversified," said Fuller.
"An amazing amount of archaeological work has been accumulating over the last decades, but it's never been linked properly to the evolution of the fluvial landscape. We now see landscape dynamics as the crucial link between climate change and people," said Giosan. "Today the Indus system feeds the largest irrigation scheme in the world, immobilizing the river in channels and behind dams. If the monsoon were to increase in a warming world, as some predict, catastrophic floods such as the humanitarian disaster of 2010, would turn the current irrigation system, designed for a tamer river, obsolete."
###
This work was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the University of Aberdeen, and Louisiana State University.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, non-profit organization on Cape Cod, Mass., dedicated to marine research, engineering, and higher education. Established in 1930 on a recommendation from the National Academy of Sciences, its primary mission is to understand the oceans and their interaction with the Earth as a whole, and to communicate a basic understanding of the oceans' role in the changing global environment. For more information, please visit www.whoi.edu.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 28-May-2012 Share ] Contact: WHOI Media Relations
media@whoi.edu
508-289-3340
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
A new study combining the latest archaeological evidence with state-of-the-art geoscience technologies provides evidence that climate change was a key ingredient in the collapse of the great Indus or Harappan Civilization almost 4000 years ago. The study also resolves a long-standing debate over the source and fate of the Sarasvati, the sacred river of Hindu mythology.
Once extending more than 1 million square kilometers across the plains of the Indus River from the Arabian Sea to the Ganges, over what is now Pakistan, northwest India and eastern Afghanistan, the Indus civilization was the largestbut least knownof the first great urban cultures that also included Egypt and Mesopotamia. Like their contemporaries, the Harappans, named for one of their largest cities, lived next to rivers owing their livelihoods to the fertility of annually watered lands.
"We reconstructed the dynamic landscape of the plain where the Indus civilization developed 5200 years ago, built its cities, and slowly disintegrated between 3900 and 3000 years ago," said Liviu Giosan, a geologist with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and lead author of the study published the week of May 28 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "Until now, speculations abounded about the links between this mysterious ancient culture and its life-giving mighty rivers."
Today, numerous remains of the Harappan settlements are located in a vast desert region far from any flowing river. In contrast to Egypt and Mesopotamia, which have long been part of the Western classical canon, this amazingly complex culture in South Asia with a population that at its peak may have reached 10 percent of the world's inhabitants, was completely forgotten until 1920's. Since then, a flurry of archaeological research in Pakistan and India has uncovered a sophisticated urban culture with myriad internal trade routes and well-established sea links with Mesopotamia, standards for building construction, sanitation systems, arts and crafts, and a yet-to-be deciphered writing system.
"We considered that it is high time for a team of interdisciplinary scientists to contribute to the debate about the enigmatic fate of these people," added Giosan.
The research was conducted between 2003 and 2008 in Pakistan, from the coast of the Arabian Sea into the fertile irrigated valleys of Punjab and the northern Thar Desert. The international team included scientists from the U.S., U.K., Pakistan, India, and Romania with specialties in geology, geomorphology, archaeology, and mathematics. By combining satellite photos and topographic data collected by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), the researchers prepared and analyzed digital maps of landforms constructed by the Indus and neighboring rivers, which were then probed in the field by drilling, coring, and even manually-dug trenches. Collected samples were used to determine the sediments' origins, whether brought in and shaped by rivers or wind, and their age, in order to develop a chronology of landscape changes.
"Once we had this new information on the geological history, we could re-examine what we know about settlements, what crops people were planting and when, and how both agriculture and settlement patterns changed," said co-author Dorian Fuller, an archaeologist with University College London. "This brought new insights into the process of eastward population shift, the change towards many more small farming communities, and the decline of cities during late Harappan times."
The new study suggests that the decline in monsoon rains led to weakened river dynamics, and played a critical role both in the development and the collapse of the Harappan culture, which relied on river floods to fuel their agricultural surpluses.
From the new research, a compelling picture of 10,000 years of changing landscapes emerges. Before the plain was massively settled, the wild and forceful Indus and its tributaries flowing from the Himalaya cut valleys into their own deposits and left high "interfluvial" stretches of land between them. In the east, reliable monsoon rains sustained perennial rivers that crisscrossed the desert leaving behind their sedimentary deposits across a broad region.
Among the most striking features the researchers identified is a mounded plain, 10 to 20 meters high, over 100 kilometers wide, and running almost 1000 kilometers along the Indus, they call the "Indus mega-ridge," built by the river as it purged itself of sediment along its lower course.
"At this scale, nothing similar has ever been described in the geomorphological literature," said Giosan. "The mega-ridge is a surprising indicator of the stability of Indus plain landscape over the last four millennia. Remains of Harappan settlements still lie at the surface of the ridge, rather than being buried underground."
Mapped on top of the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain, the archaeological and geological data shows instead that settlements bloomed along the Indus from the coast to the hills fronting the Himalayas, as weakened monsoons and reduced run-off from the mountains tamed the wild Indus and its Himalayan tributaries enough to enable agriculture along their banks.
"The Harappans were an enterprising people taking advantage of a window of opportunity a kind of "Goldilocks civilization," said Giosan. "As monsoon drying subdued devastating floods, the land nearby the rivers - still fed with water and rich silt - was just right for agriculture. This lasted for almost 2,000 years, but continued aridification closed this favorable window in the end."
In another major finding, the researchers believe they have settled a long controversy about the fate of a mythical river, the Sarasvati. The Vedas, ancient Indian scriptures composed in Sanskrit over 3000 years ago, describe the region west of the Ganges as "the land of seven rivers." Easily recognizable are the Indus and its current tributaries, but the Sarasvati, portrayed as "surpassing in majesty and might all other waters" and "pure in her course from mountains to the ocean," was lost. Based on scriptural descriptions, it was believed that the Sarasvati was fed by perennial glaciers in the Himalayas. Today, the Ghaggar, an intermittent river that flows only during strong monsoons and dissipates into the desert along the dried course of Hakra valley, is thought to best approximate the location of the mythic Sarasvati, but its Himalayan origin and whether it was active during Vedic times remain controversial.
Archaeological evidence supports the Ghaggar-Hakra as the location of intensive settlement during Harappan times. The geological evidencesediments, topography shows that rivers were indeed sizable and highly active in this region, but most likely due to strong monsoons. There is no evidence of wide incised valleys like along the Indus and its tributaries and there is no cut-through, incised connections to either of the two nearby Himalayan-fed rivers of Sutlej and Yamuna. The new research argues that these crucial differences prove that the Sarasvati (Ghaggar-Hakra) was not Himalayan-fed, but a perennial monsoon-supported watercourse, and that aridification reduced it to short seasonal flows.
By 3900 years ago, their rivers drying, the Harappans had an escape route to the east toward the Ganges basin, where monsoon rains remained reliable.
"We can envision that this eastern shift involved a change to more localized forms of economy: smaller communities supported by local rain-fed farming and dwindling streams," said Fuller. "This may have produced smaller surpluses, and would not have supported large cities, but would have been reliable."
Such a system was not favorable for the Indus civilization, which had been built on bumper crop surpluses along the Indus and the Ghaggar-Hakra rivers in the earlier wetter era. This dispersal of population meant that there was no longer a concentration of workforce to support urbanism. "Thus cities collapsed, but smaller agricultural communities were sustainable and flourished. Many of the urban arts, such as writing, faded away, but agriculture continued and actually diversified," said Fuller.
"An amazing amount of archaeological work has been accumulating over the last decades, but it's never been linked properly to the evolution of the fluvial landscape. We now see landscape dynamics as the crucial link between climate change and people," said Giosan. "Today the Indus system feeds the largest irrigation scheme in the world, immobilizing the river in channels and behind dams. If the monsoon were to increase in a warming world, as some predict, catastrophic floods such as the humanitarian disaster of 2010, would turn the current irrigation system, designed for a tamer river, obsolete."
###
This work was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the University of Aberdeen, and Louisiana State University.
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, non-profit organization on Cape Cod, Mass., dedicated to marine research, engineering, and higher education. Established in 1930 on a recommendation from the National Academy of Sciences, its primary mission is to understand the oceans and their interaction with the Earth as a whole, and to communicate a basic understanding of the oceans' role in the changing global environment. For more information, please visit www.whoi.edu.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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A lot's bubbling in the Law & Order sector of technology news this week, and you know these guys will get you hyper-informed on the ins and outs of patents, patent trolls, and the definition of "obviousness" as it applies to the lives of both the dinosaurs and the pioneers of said sector. If you're not into that stuff, we can't blame you, and for you we'll play along with Maker Faire from home and wax meta on Finnish phone companies. From our studio, to your home, it's The Engadget Podcast.
Host: Tim Stevens, Brian Heater
Producer: Trent Wolbe
Music: Orbital - Never
04:45 - Google officially closes deal for Motorola Mobility
11:55 - HP cuts 27,000 jobs, profit tumbles 31 percent in Q2
19:07 - Jury issues verdict in Android suit, finds that Google doesn't infringe Oracle patents
21:20 - ITC says again that Apple and RIM don't violate Kodak patent
23:53 - Nokia 808 PureView sample images: a moveable feast in 41 megapixels
28:37 - Nokia World broken up into smaller events, bumped up to September 5-6
32:25 - ASUS Zenbook Prime UX21A preview
35:17 - Maker Faire Bay Area 2012, in pictures: 3D printers, unicorns, tesla coils and zombies (video)
46:08 - Incantor brings World of Warcraft to real life (hands-on)
51:05 - gTar iPhone guitar hands-on
53:33 - Apple applies for optical stylus patent, Hell reports coldest day on record
55:33 - Obit: Eugene Polley, co-creator of the wireless TV remote, passes away aged 96
56:54 - Listener questions
Hear the podcast
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Contact the podcast
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Leave us a voicemail: (423) 438-3005 (GADGET-3005)
E-mail us: podcast at engadget dot com
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Engadget Podcast 295 - 05.25.2012 originally appeared on Engadget on Fri, 25 May 2012 10:15:00 EDT. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Many people ??y th?? letter ?ert??nly opened th?ir eyes.
Does watching th? s?m? group of markers raking ?n wagon-fulls ?f cash make you want to give-up ?nd throw ??ur computer ?ut the window? Frustrating, isn't it? But d?n't give u? yet!
I want t? share ? f?w things that m?y blow y?ur mind with excitement, how?ver m?n? things ?ould make blood squirt fr?m ?our eye balls.
It ?eem? millions ?f people all ov?r th? world h?v? ? desire to earn a living by simply clicking ? few buttons ?n their computer. As PT Barnum ?nc? said, "There's ? sucker born ever? minute" ?nd thus an uninformed public i? susceptible to deceit ?nd trickery. In other words... buyer beware.
I'm th? true definition ?f a "renegade". I broke ?ut fr?m th? "cult" of Guru groupies ?nd I'm telling y?u how ?t r??lly is. It's about time y?u knew. "The Ugly Truth"
There is on? parti?ul?r fact that is painfully TRUE......You've b??n conned, scammed ?nd screwed by nearl? ?ll the Internet Marketing coaching Gurus on the planet (or I call most of them HOGS!).
Let m? ask ??u a question. Have ?ny of the?? fancy rich HOGS made you wealthy yet? I hope so, but I sincerely doubt it!
Listen up! I research lots ?f marketing online forums ?nd I travel ?ll ?v?r th? country. I meet hundreds ?f people at Internet Marketing seminars. The point i? this; I hav? ??t t? meet ? single person wh? h?s created any great wealth b? ordering ju?t "one" cour?e ?r by using most ?f th? Guru's products or b? attending ?n Internet Marketing seminar.
Oh sure, s?m? people m?y say, "He's great, I got "some" content fr?m him." Others might say, "He's ?? funny, he can r??lly tell a good joke." But that's ?bout it. I've nev?r met ?n??ne wh? ?aid a ??rticular Guru ?r ?ny pack ?f Gurus made h?m rich r??lly quick!
Yes, I call it l?k? I ??e it be??us? I w?nt you t? know I'm real, ?u?t lik? you.
And I mu?t warn y?u - this stuff ?s going t? upset a lot ?f people. It's go?ng t? make ?ther? downright angry...But th? only thing that'? f?r ?ur? is that what I'm ab?ut to reveal w?ll change the Internet Marketing community FOREVER.
If ??u ??uld spy ?n th? Gurus ?nd discover their secret marketing tricks th?t w?uld h?lp you and y?ur friends excel faster and easier - would you d? it? Well, that's ex?ctl? h?w th?? whole thing started and I h?ven't stopped. I don't re?lly se? an? end t? ?ll th? "real" secrets I will b? collecting f?r myself ?nd my friends. My spy-work r??lly works f?r ?ll the r?ght reasons.
If y?u w?nt to g?t t? the end of th? Internet Marketing maze ?nd find th?t treasure chest? You'll ne?d ?n experienced guide wh? knows how t? g?t YOU there.
This ?s ?ll YOU ne?d to make money online: It's simple, right?
*Get ? domain ?nd ? host.
*Choose ? product.
*Drive traffic to y?ur link or website.
*Collect the money.
If it'? th?s easy, then wh? d? y?u suppose thousands u?on thousands of people combined spend MILLIONS OF DOLLARS ?n Internet Marketing e-books, courses and seminars but almo?t n?ver earn ? penny?
Second, w?uld ?ou agree th? mor? y?u kn?w ?b?ut your business ?r industry - th? m?r? money ??u w?ll earn? This i? common sense and I'm thinking ??u will agree the answer is an astounding YES. This letter ?s meant to open ?our eyes.
According To A Recent Business Survey - A Whopping 91% of Marketers Who Tried To Earn Money Online Last Year DID NOT Earn A Penny! Why?
Here's Some Popular Reasons:
#1 Procrastination
#2 Lack of Online Marketing Knowledge or simple tech knowledge.
#3 Became confused with overload of Internet Marketing information.
#4 Received Wrong ?r Out-Dated Marketing Info.
#5 Never learned ex?ctly what t? do to earn ? profit.
#6 Lack support/consistent up-dated knowledge fr?m trusted marketing friends.
#7 Quit and w?nt broke due t? high cost ?f IM educational products.
There ?re many reasons for n?t succeeding. Obviously you want more freedom and y?u want to live an honest life ??u enjoy, right? If y?u're lik? me, ?ou w?nt to have fun whil? ?ou'r? making money too, right? You want to feel good ?bout ?our business. I want you to discover true broke-busting strategies. You can go from zer? t? hero wh?n y?u learn th? r?ght stuff. My private inn?r circle of friends g?t real-life strategies th?t work.
I bet ?ou'r? als? sick and tired of ?ll the Bull Crap ?nd big money hype you read and hear fr?m ?om? of tho?e Internet Marketing Gurus. Frustration ??n ??u?e fear ?nd fear c?u??? lack ?f hope.
Beware: Most people ?re conned b? the v?ry sam? people the? trust ?nd "like".Don't b? fooled anymore! They apparently want ?ou to th?nk th? Internet ?? highly complicated b?cau?? it evidently justifies th??r high priced e-books, outrageously high priced courses, e-books ?nd outrageously high priced seminars!
Step-by-step process the Gurus teach over and ov?r ?nd over.
1. Find ? product ?r service to sell. Either promote oth?r products ?r create your own.
2. Get a domain - Build ? 4-5 page website or hire s?me?ne to do it. Link merchant account.
3. Create 'good' copy ?nd all th? converting elements t? th? website. Turn visitors t? buyers.
4. Get ? host. Advertise ?r promote your website t? potential buyers.
5. Track your promotions. Collect y?ur money and deposit it into ??ur bank account.
Now, th?s d?esn't sound very difficult d?e? it? Well, it reall? ?s th?? simple. All the expensive Internet Marketing e-books, courses and seminars m?stly provide information ??n??rning one ?r m?re topics surrounding th? ab?v? components ?n some form or another.
10 Key Ingredients Successful People Have In Common:
1. Associate with th?se who believe ?n you and ?our ideas.
2. Find the r?ght mentor(s).
3. Associate with tho?? wh? kn?w more th?n ?ou in y?ur field of interest.
4. Stay consistent ?nd persistent unt?l y?ur goals ?re achieved.
5. Refrain from over-indulging ?n mind altering chemicals.
6. Find a daily exercise ?ou enjoy doing.
7. Take care of ?our health b? eating r?ght ?nd take daily nutrients.
8. Laugh ev?r? day. Count at least 5 daily blessings at th? end of ???h day.
9. Read and learn ?ometh?ng n?w ?bout ?our business ?very day.
10. Read or listen to ?ometh?ng inspirational or motivational ev?ry day.
What type of power-group d? beginners or frustrated struggling Internet Marketers use?
Bad News! Most struggling Internet Marketers DO NOT hav? a power group. Some marketers join l?ttl? marketing clubs; th?? take ? chance ?nd purchase e-books ?nd th?? visit marketing forums, etc. Bottom line i? this: Most marketers stumble ?r?und ?nd d? th? b??t th?? can.
Fact: You will succeed faster ?nd easier wh?n ??u associate w?th tho?? with like-minds wh?m share th? ??m? ideals and mindset.
The BIG Myth! "Internet Marketing is Easy and You c?n Master ?t ALL in ONE day!"
First ?f all that'? ? BIG lie! Good news - it's not ?? tough ?? ?ou might think.
I h?ve no w?y of knowing ?our level ?f Internet Marketing experience. So, I try not to u?e advanced marketing terms. I try to k?ep it simple. Internet Marketing is a completely d?fferent "flavor" th?n real world marketing.
When "Joe" establishes hi? hardware store in the strip mall n??r ?our house, th?n he u?u?ll? utilizes a diff?rent set of marketing ?nd advertising principles. An online business succeeds b? utilizing Internet Marketing tactics ?nd strategies. With th?t said; Some online businesses ??n ?till us? real world marketing ?n order t? attract prospects and some real world businesses are ?ls? utilizing th? internet t? attract local prospects.
"Joe" ?an al?o utilize Internet Marketing to promote h?s neighborhood hardware store if he knew a few ?f the secrets.
There ?r? man? aspects ?f Internet Marketing. There ?r? a variety of methods that can b? utilized to h?l? direct prospects to a website. You w?ll not b?com? proficient ?t u?ing ?n? of th?m overnight. Don't l?t ?n??n? fool you.
Let's ?a? it takes 10 "focused" hours t? get proficient ?t ?n? on? method. If th?re ?r? 12 methods, th?n it may require 120 focused hours ?f practice. Most Internet Marketing ?? u?uall? don? ev?ry day ?r at l??st a f?w times p?r week. Either ?ou mu?t perform most ?f th? traffic methods ??urs?lf ?r hire it done ?nce ??u ?an afford it. It sounds harder th?n what it is... d?n't worry ?b?ut it. It w?ll all becom? crystal clear ver? soon.
Good News: In m? opinion, you may n?t get rich over- night, but th? INTERNET i? st?ll the b??t wa? to earn profits and the be?t wa? t? be??m? financially independent. If you'r? g?ing t? spend time learning Internet Marketing, then it's imperative ??u learn th? correct updated methods a? t? not waste ??ur time and money.
The faster you learn th? strategies th? faster ?ou earn ? decent income. Thousands of people ?r? floundering f?r many reasons w?th th?ir home-based Internet businesses - one big reason ?s the? simply d?n't kn?w what t? do or how t? do it ?nd m?ny times they u?e bad advice. My private ?nner circle receives th? best sources.
Are You Allowing The Gurus To Steal Money From You....Want t? beat the gurus ?t the?r ?wn game?
As an affiliate marketer, ??u m?y or ma? n?t realize th?t wh?le y?u ?re earning commissions fr?m selling ?ert?in products, th? gurus who's product you promote ar? also earning profits. You ?re sending traffic t? th??r websites, right? What ??u pr?babl? are not aware ?s this; You're a?tually assisting th? gurus' build their prospect list and their buyers list!
You ar? actu?lly finding prime prospects and customers ?nd handing them over, and the gurus ar? selling t? th?m ag?in and aga?n (sale aft?r sale), long ?ft?r y?u're forgotten and moved on. If you know how, ?ou c?n earn commissions plu? help build ??ur own business at th? ?am? time. Stop allowing the HOGS t? steal money fr?m you.
But wh?t if YOU ??uld turn the tables and kee? all tho?e repeat sales yourself?
There is ? n?w secret technique I h?v? never ???n us?d befor? that do?? ?xactl? that f?r you...it's brilliant and NO affiliate marketer ?hould be with?ut it. My private inner circle knows th?s secret. I w?nt you t? know ?t too.
Listen up. The FIX is in! A Guru secret ?ou d?dn't kn?w existed.
Naturally, mo?t ?f th? big product launch Gurus ?re in total communication with ??ch oth?r ?nd usu?lly schedule th?ir product launches on dates that won't overlap their buddy's product launch. Some of th??e guys ?r? part of a private "buddy" club that dominates ? large part ?f th? Internet Marketing community.
They ?re ver? careful ?bout scheduling product launches ?? NOT to step ?n ???h other's toes. Then in betw??n their product launches th?y promote ?ther company products for big commissions.
It's beneficial because they c?n promote th?ir product plus promote each other's product u?ing th?ir ?wn list; thu? suck ?ven more money from th? flock. Make sense? They systematically suck ?s much cash from th? FLOCK ?s humanly ?os??ble ?nd on ? consistent basis. Are ??u mad yet?
All of th?se marketing campaigns ?r? not random events - it's ?ll carefully planned ?nd choreographed ?s much ?? possible.
Flock = desperate "unsuspecting" Internet Marketing Dreamers.
If y?u've not been living in a cave, then you've obv??usly noticed what the "Gurus" ?nd the?r followers ?r? calling ?uch events; PRODUCT LAUNCHES, right? This method th? Gurus (Hogs) u?? ?? r?ally not a n?w trick - ?t'? b??n ?round f?r years in ?ther aspects ?f business.
This ?? how ?t works. An alliance ?f ?everal "Gurus" ?re formed - ?ll w?th massive lists. These massive lists w?ll hold millions ?f ?eri?us buyers ?f Internet Marketing products. In ??rt??n circles this w?uld be called an industry MONOPOLY - ?nd it ??uld b? deemed ?? unfair, unethical ?nd possibly illegal.
Does th? term "Birds of feather flock together" sound familiar?
Ever wonder why most ?f th? large launch products (courses) are priced the same? Usually ?b?ut $1,997. Could thi? be price fixing? hmmmm... let'? not th?nk evil thoughts here. (smile) Magical, huh? Coincidental?
No matter what y?u think... it is qu?t? ingenious, don't ??u think?
Again, th?r? ?s noth?ng wrong with earning profits, but when ?s ?n?ugh - enough? The flock b?c?mes nothing but useful paying idiots to th? Gurus. Sure, th? Gurus say they ?pprec?at? the?r "sheep-like" customers - but do the? really? I me?n d?es "he" r?ally care ?f ??u build ? multi-million dollar business l?k? his? hmmmm... I think not.
I d?n't hav? th? power t? stop th? gravy train f?r the HOGS - and I wouldn't want to, but I ?an at l???t warn people b?f?r? th?y fall prey to the?r traps. Most ?f thes? HOGS quickly gouge unsuspecting prospects becaus? they d? not kn?w how long the people (sheep) w?ll buy into th??r Bull Crap.
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